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Сows performance and behavior under extreme air parameters
The paper deals with the results of studies on determining the dynamics of air main climatic parameters in different seasons for three years and their impact on the basic elements of daily behavior and performance of dairy cows. The cows were farmed under loose farming with deep straw bedding and year round feeding and watering all at outdoor-feeding sites, where they stayed for 11-13 hours/day, and in certain periods of the year they were exposed to extreme weather factors.
It was established that lowering the air temperature from -2 to -22 0C accompanied by an increase of relative humidity from 74 to 90 % and atmospheric pressure from 747 to 764 mm, reduce feed intake from 5.0 to 4.2 hours/day and increases lying down rest from 11.4 to 12.2 hours/day which causes a decrease in daily milk yield from 12.6 to 10.4 kg per animal and milk fat reduce from 3,87 tо 3,75 %.
A significant increase in the duration of freezing and high temperatures in 2010 compared to previous yearsIs a peculiar feature of air at outdoor feeding sites of the complex. The highestand longer value of under zero temperatures were recorded in January (down to -22 °C), and the highest (up to + 40 ° C) – in July and August 2010. Within 3-4 months, the relative humidity of the air was below 40%, reaching 14-15%, air pressure was within 747 mmrt. c., and air velocity at outdoor sites did not exceed 4 m/s for 5-6 months a year. Analysis of the data on the average daily milk yield per cow shows a significant reduction in yield in January, July and August of 2010. The total yield level in 2010 decreased by 11.5% compared to 2009, which iscaused by the influence of the environment climatic factors.
Under temperature decrease from -22 to -2 °C there is a gradual recovery of cows daily behavior and performance characteristics.
The studies conducted during spring and summer of 2008 to research the effects of three different temperature regimes of above-zero air temperature on cows productivity showed that cows staying for 11-13 hours / day under the first routine (11 to 22 ° C) boosted the daily milk yield from 11.4 to 12.9 kg / head or by 13.1%; under the second routine (18 to 29 ° C) the yields continued to rise under the temperature +25 °C and starting from +26 °C there was observed a decrease in milk yield from 14.9 to 12.9 kg / head; under the third routine (26 to 37 °C) a sharp decline in yields from 13.7 to 10.9 kg / head was observed. The negative influence of hot air temperature III routine as a thermal stress factor indicates high levels of cows productivity correlative dependence on temperature (r = -0,929) and relative humidity (r = + 0,837).
While determining the impact of hotemperature in July and August we found out that during this period there were fluctuations of 20-40 °C in the air temperature at outdoor feeding site at dairy complex "Kutuzivka" , including 48 days exceeded 25 °C, and 21 days when the temperature was 37-40 °C. Relative humidity decreased from 71 to 15%, the atmosphere pressure was within 743-752 mm. and air velocity did not exceed 7 m/s. Daily milk yield of the herd under the temperature 24 °C was 13.9 kg / animal. Under temperature increase to +28°C the yield decreased to 13.6; +32 °C – 12.5; under +34 ° C – to 11.1; under +36 0C – to 10.8; under 40 0C – to 9.8 kg / animal, that is level of milk production due to heat stress decreased by 29.5%. The increase in yields occurred only when the temperature dropped to 25-20 °C.
Thus, under cows loose farming on deep litter and year-round feeding at outdoor feeding sites temperatures lowering from -2 to -22 °C is accompanied by a reduction in the consumption of animal feed length from 5.0 to 4.2 hours / day, increasing the duration of their stay in the prone position from 11.4 to 12.2 goal / day and daily milk yield reduction from 12.6 to 10.4 kg / head and his fat from 3.87 to 3.75%. Yields reduce under temperatures rise over 25 °C directly proportional to the increase in the level of thermal behavior and reaches 29.5%.
Cows loose farming on deep straw bedding technology with year-round feeding and watering at outdoor feeding sites require the use of efficient technological, technical and organizational methods of preventing extreme climatic factors negative effects on the productivity.
Key words: productivity, milk, cow behavior, extreme, sites, atmosphere, climate, stress.
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