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Вплив генотипових і фенотипових чинників на показники комфорту корів

Мета статті – узагальнення знань про вплив температурного стресу на здоров’я, продуктивність і рівень комфорту корів та обговорення стратегій управління, які б пом’якшили вплив цих чинників. Дослідження впливу погодних явищ на поведінкові та фізіологічні процеси посідає важливе місце в
розробленні високоефективних методів управління молочним скотарством. Чинники клімату і погоди набули важливого значення у системі взаємодії «організм-середовище». Одним із основних чинників підвищення показників комфортності умов утримання корів у приміщеннях різного типу, на вигульних майданчиках та на пасовищах є створення таких показників мікроклімату, котрі якнайкраще б відповідали біологічним потребам молочних корів залежно від пори року і продуктивності. Серед погодних чинників, що впливають на функціонування молочної худоби, найбільший вплив має температура навколишнього середовища (термонейтральною для організму
молочної худоби є температура в діапазоні від -5 до 25 °С). Через постійні обмінні процеси організм великої рогатої худоби дуже уразливий до дії температури навколишнього середовища. Особливо це відчувається у періоди тривалих низько- або високотемпературних навантажень. Порушення обмінних і терморегуляційних процесів прямо впливає на тривалість та характер поведінкових і фізіологічних реакцій та спричиняє стрес у тварин. Тривалий температурний стрес – причина коливання показників продуктивності, якісного складу молока та проблем з відтворенням і загалом значно впливає на рентабельність виробництва продукції. Для зниження впливу температурних стресів на організм молочних корів науковцями запропоновано стратегії управління у періоди високо- та низькотемпературного навантаження. Ці стратегії поділяються на генотипові: відбір термостійких особин різних порід та фенотипові: використання засобів регулювання мікроклімату та модернізація методів управління годівлею.
Ключові слова: корови, температурні стреси, комфорт, продуктивність, поведінка, варіанти утримання.

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